Continuously Variable Proportional Circle Map

https://www.e-education.psu.edu/geog486/book/export/html/1796

A continuously variable proportional circle map shows proportional circles that come in a wide distribution of sizes that are not limited to classes. There are no set amount of classes in a map key that limit the size of the proportional circle hence the map being called a "continuously variable proportional circle". Continuously variable proportional circle maps can express all data in the map more accurately for each individual area than averaging it out to a set number of proportional circles. The image shown above is of a continuously variable proportional circle map that shows the proportion of different types of meat that were sent to Paris butcheries from different regions in France.

Digital Orthophoto Quarter Quadrangle

http://crystal.isgs.uiuc.edu/nsdihome/webdocs/doqs/info.html

The Digital Orthophoto quarter Quadrangle or (D.O.Q.Q.) covers a quarter of the Digital Orthophoto Quadrangle which is aerial photography or satellite imagery that has been edited so that its pixels are aligned with longitude and latitude lines for organizational purposes and have a narrowly defined region of coverage. The Digital Orthophoto quarter Quadrangle is a widely used format introduced by the United States Geological Survey. D.O.Q.s produced by the U.S.G.S. cover an area measuring 7.5-minutes longitude by 7.5-minutes latitude. Digital Orthophoto Quarter Quadrangle covers one quarter of a quadrangle which shows more detail than the standard D.O.Q. The image above is from 2005 of  the Digital Orthophoto quarter Quadrangle from Cole County, Illinois.

Digital Elevation Model

http://igs.indiana.edu/allenCounty/dem.cfm

A digital elevation model or D.E.M. is a three dimensional representation of a terrain's surface which can include non-terrestrial surfaces like the moon. D.E.M. data is mostly received from satellites. Multiple satellites coordinate and perform stereo and tri-stereo operations for accurate elevation readings. Stereo satellite operations use two satellites to create D.E.M.s when there is no large change in elevation heights whereas tri-stereo operations use three satellites that can accurately show data between areas where there is a large change in elevation height. Private companies as well as governmental satellites can provide this type of imaging which vary in image quality and resolution. The image shown above is a digital elevation model of a small part of Indiana where you can distinguish the ridge lines that could form a river from the rest of the landscape which is at a higher elevation. 

Digital Line Graph

http://www.dnr.sc.gov/GIS/descdlg.html

A D.L.G. or digital line graph is a cartographic map feature represented in digital vector form that was created by the United States Geological Survey. D.L.G.s are collected from U.S.G.S. maps and are distributed in large, intermediate and small-scale with different categories of features depending on the scale. The D.L.G. features national park boundaries, public land section lines, hydrographic features, topographic contour lines, Roads, trails, and railroads. D.L.G.s are a soft copy overlay which allowed features to be optional and modified to what the user requires. The image above is a D.L.G. on a U.S.G.S. map section where you can individually distinguish roads, hydrographic features as well as topographic contour lines.

Digital Raster Graphic

http://infoecho.net/cschin/topo3d/

Digital Raster Graphics or (D.R.G.s) are scanned, digitized and georeferenced United States Geologic Survey topographic maps. They can be found in three scales that are available from 1:24,000 to 1:100,00 and 1:250,000 scales. The datum of the source materials is preserved in the D.R.G. The U.S.G.S. uses up to 13 colors on each D.R.G. map and has high quality versions available. U.S.G.S. D.R.G. maps as well as other map types of the U.S.G.S. are widely available online as well as hard copy versions are available if you look for them at a local university or book store. The image above is a D.R.G. of a section of the U.S.G.S. in Yosemite National Park. Landmarks are shown on the D.R.G. as well as elevation lines that would be helpful for anyone temporarily camping and hiking in Yosemite National Park.

Isopleth Map

http://geographyfieldwork.com/DataPresentationMappingTechniques.htm

An isopleth map generalizes and simplifies data with a continuous distribution. Isopleth maps show the data as a third dimension on a map, thus isopleth maps are an umbrella term for mapping surface elevations, amounts of precipitation and atmospheric pressure readings. The third dimension is shown by a series of lines called isopleths which connect points of equal value. Isopleths never cross or divide and always form enclosed circles inside the map. The image shown above is that of the concentration of precipitation in Italy 10th of June 2000.

Isopach Map

http://www.geo.utexas.edu/faculty/barker/kempter/rbtephra.html

An isopach map illustrates thickness variations within rock layers or stratum. Isopachs are contour lines that represent equal thickness over an area. Isopach maps are utilized in hydrographic survey, stratigraphy, sedimentology, structural geology, petroleum geology and volcanology. Isopach maps can help protect lives as well as save money when used in certain geologic fields. The image shown above shows the value of having an isopach map. This isopach map shows the dispersal of ash that could be potentially harmful to those living nearby the estimated area.

Isohyetal Map

(Click Agree no worries, middle of page)

http://rainfall.geography.hawaii.edu/downloads.html

An isohyetal map is map that simply shows isohyet lines that represent the amount of rainfall in an area. Isohyet lines that are close together show large differences in the amount of rainfall whereas isohyet lines that are far apart show much less change in the amount of rainfall across an area. The image shown ago is that of an isohyetal map of the island of Kaua'i where isohyet lines are spaced out in  low elevation areas in contrast to areas of high elevation that have a much larger amount of rainfall as well as a larger change in the amount of rainfall the higher the elevation becomes. 

Isotach Map

(middle of page)

http://www4.ncsu.edu/~nwsfo/storage/cases/20030123/

Isotachs maps have lines on weather maps that connect points where winds of equal speeds have been recorded. These maps can show patterns of where the wind is going and how far a particular system is progressing across a part of the United States. When the isotach lines are close together it shows a larger magnitude in the gradient of  wind speed for that area. The image shown above is a snap shot of the status of a wind system of the northeastern continental shelf of the United States and it also can be extrapolated that the high speed wind system is moving south from the majority of the map.

Isobars on Surface Map

http://teach.fcps.net/immex/preview/Weather_Station/case4/sur_isobar.htm

Isobars on a surface map is a map that has lines of equal atmospheric pressure drawn on a meteorological map. Each line passes through a pressure of a given value given that isobar lines may never cross or touch. Isobar lines may only pass through pressures of 1000 millibars, give or take four millibars. Pressure lines are usually corrected by the sea level height standard so any differences in pressure due to altitude can be ignored since altitude can change drastically along the United States. The image shown above is a surface map with isobars that depict areas of high pressure and low pressure with isobar lines. Spaced out isobar lines indicate negligible pressure changes while areas with isobars that were close together indicates a large change in pressure. 

LIDAR

http://grass.osgeo.org/screenshots/

LIDAR is a remote sensing technology that measures distance by illuminating a target with a laser and analyzing the reflected light. The word LIDAR is not a acronym, it's a portmanteau of (li) from "light" and (dar) from "radar". LIDAR is used to make high-resolution maps of the surface of the earth. LIDAR provides three dimensional information that allow scientists and mapping professionals to examine both natural and manmade environments with accuracy, precision, and flexibility. There are two types of LIDAR, topographic and bathymetric. Topographic LIDAR uses a near-infrared laser to map the land, while bathymetric LIDAR uses water-penetrating green light to measure seafloor and riverbed elevations.The lidar image above shows a dune migration at Jockey's Ridge State Park, North Carolina where you distinguish different types of land features by the color they emit.

Doppler Radar

http://4warnwxteam.com/2011/04/26/a-brief-explanation-of-how-doppler-radar-works/

Doppler radar is a specialized type of radar that utilizes the Doppler effect by radiating pulse emissions so that accurate weather forecasts can be imaged. Doppler radar creates images at a time lapse radiating from the weather station that houses the doppler radar facility. Doppler radar usually locates precipitation as well as the intensity of the precipitation. The doppler radar image is understood by the color class that depicts light precipitation with the light blue color to heavy precipitation with dark red coloring. The image shown above is a doppler radar image frame from the National Weather Service that depicts a hurricane over Texas from a doppler radar station near Houston.

Black & White Aerial Photography

(middle of the page Austin, Texas image link)

http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/remote/remote_f.html

Black and white aerial photography is a map type solely concerned with giving a detailed overhead snap shot of what the land looks like. Black and white aerial photography is used primarily by cartographers and city planners that use detailed measurements from aerial photography to prepare maps as well as using aerial photos as a barometer to determine land use and environmental conditions. The black and white aerial photo shown above is of Austin, Texas that provides a high quality detailed snap shot of the area that can be referenced by the local government, private companies and educational institutions.

Infrared Aerial Photography

http://pie-lter.ecosystems.mbl.edu/content/research-locations-maps-and-aerial-imagery
(2nd to last link on the web page)

Infrared aerial photography is a type of map created by satellites and high-altitude aircraft that give engineers and scientists the data to study landforms, vegetation health patterns and environmental pollution on the planet's surface by viewing the differences with "color". Satellites and high-altitude aircraft are equipped to record scenes of the Earth where light is shown on both the visible and invisible parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. Near-infrared light is invisible to the human eye, but adding this light to these images allows scientists to "see" the surface of the Earth in other than natural colors. The infrared aerial photo shown above shows the mouth of the Parker River and northern Plum Island Sound, Newbury, Massachusetts which shows a lot of material at the mouth of the stream that eventually lessens in intensity as the stream continues further on.

Cartographic Animation

(Bottom of page Ctrl+F "NOAA")
http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/chronik2004c.htm

Cartographic animation is the application of animation to add a temporal component to a map displaying change in some dimension. Change over time is commonly used where depending on how many of frames  can depict change over a period of time. The .gif animation shown above is a cartographic animation of the tsunami that started near Indonesia in 2004 and fanned out. This animation is quick yet shows phenomena that happens in a much longer time scale of hours and days. The animation is easy to understand and repeats so that you can look at different parts of the map when the animation resets. This particular cartographic animation is clean because the animation contains a large amount of frames per second which indicates there was a lot of cartographic data to work with in contrast to other cartographic animations that have a few frames and would resemble a slide show.

Statistical Map

http://www.mappery.com/map-of/United-States-Travel-Time-to-Work-Statistical-Map

A statistical map is a type of map that indicates the variation in quantity of the variable in a geographic area. "Statistical map" is an encompassing umbrella term for maps that use statistics such as numerical maps, choropleth maps, contour maps, isopleth maps, dot maps, proportional circle maps, symbol maps, pie chart maps, and histogram maps. The statistical map shown above shows mean commuter time to work from 2003 which is averaged for every state and shows statistical variable differences easily with the class key on the bottom right of the map.

Cartogram

http://www.spatialanalysis.ca/2011/exploring-germany-through-cartograms/

A cartogram is a type of map in which some type of thematic variable is visually substituted for distance or land area. The space within the map is purposefully distorted in order to visually show the intensity of the thematic variable. Cartograms help to show concentration of populations spread over land masses so that the general viewer can observe concentration accurately for when the size of a seemingly tiny piece of land is much more heavily populated and must not be ignored or deemed statistically insignificant. The map shown above shows a side by side comparison of a choropleth map of population with that of a cartogram to exacerbate the importance of the distribution of the German population in city centers.

Flow Map

http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/texas.html

(Texas - Truck Freight Flow Map (Combined Domestic and International), 1998 (U.S. Federal Highway Administration)) <- click this on the list)

A Flow map is a mixture of a map and flow charts that show the movement of objects from one location to another. Flow maps are utilized to show movement of almost anything from weather to commercial products. Flow maps indicate flow of the variable, the direction of this flow, the source of this flow and the destination of this flow. The thickness of the flow line depicts how much of the variable is being depicted.  Flow maps are very simplified and generalized as they show little else than the flow paths from one point to another. The flow map shown above shows the combined truck flow from Texas. The map shows little else, but doesn't have to because it effectively shows the combined truck flow throughout the United States.

Isoline Map

(bottom middle hyperlink)

http://www.d.umn.edu/~brant055/catalogue%203532.html

An isoline map describes distributions of a particular variable on a map. An isoline map shows continuous lines joining points of equal value. It is difficult to describe what an isoline map with an example because an isoline map depicts an umbrella of phenomena where specific map types fall under isoline maps. The example of an isoline map above is of suspended dust particles greater than .01 grams per liter of air. I'm not sure if it's an example of an isoline map because it contains similarities to isobar maps, isotachs, isohyets, isopachs and isopleth maps. A map of suspended dust particles is not a map type in it of itself so I think it can be used as a generalized isoline map where lines exist to connect equal amounts of dust in the air across the map.

Proportional Circle Map

(Graduated Circle Map image bottom middle)

http://personal.frostburg.edu/sbriggs0/maps.htm

Proportional circle maps scale the size of circles proportionally to the data value found at that particular location. They simply show that the larger the symbol equals more of the statistical value at a certain location. Proportional circle maps can easily conveys information when the circles are classed and that a key exists somewhere on the map. A proportional circle map without a class key can be confusing and misrepresent the data when the circles have common shapes. The proportional circle map shown above is of Walmart store locations in the United States which has a class key. Information is effectively expressed because the circles vary in size and are shown in an effective range that can be used on the United States size map.

Choropleth Map

(bottom of page)
http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~jeff/gis/choropleth_maps.html

A choropleth map shows areas by shading or patterning in proportion to the measurement of the statistical variable being displayed on the map. Common choropleth maps use statistical variables like population density or per-capita income. A choropleth map is a simple map type that depicts an average via a graded scale. The choropleth map provides an easy way to visualize how data varies across a geographic area or it shows the level of variability within a region or multiple regions. The choropleth map above is of crime rates in the U.S. overlayed with election results from 2004 above via colored shading.

Dot Distribution Map

http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/standard/geography/population/distribution_density/revision/1/

A dot distribution map is a map type that uses the dot symbol to depict phenomena across space. The location of the dots can depict spatial patterns when grouped together. A dot distribution map can shown the spread of disease as well as what language is spoken in an area. An advantage of dot distribution maps is that it can easily depict ideas by removing irrelevant detail. A disadvantage of dot distribution maps is that the dot size and spacing can inaccurately depict information depending on how well the map is made. The dot distribution map shown above depicts the advantage and disadvantage of their use. The map easily shows global populations, but also makes it difficult to depict the amount of dots that are shown because the most populated land areas turn the dots almost turn into a type of shading.  

Propaganda Map

http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/mapping/6434

A propaganda map is a map with the goal of visualizing propaganda to a world map scale as well as smaller scales. Propaganda maps have the goal of persuasion to depict an outside group as evil and as the group in power as a force for good defending the country. Propaganda maps can be shown as true and false depending on the detail and imagery shown to depict themes of politics, economics and social problems. Propaganda maps are subjective products that market a one sided view of spatial knowledge. Propaganda maps are used because they are widely successful maps that can distort reality in order to sway individuals who share an opposing political view. The propaganda map shown above depicts Russia as a force of good that should expand because it's growing towards several smaller countries that would benefit in becoming part of Russia.

Hypsometric Map

(bottom of page)
http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~dbertuca/maps/cat/map-portion-images.html

Hypsometric maps or also known as hypsometric tinting use colors to indicate elevation as well as contour lines. They can be used to depict ranges of elevation as bands of color, usually in a graduated pattern or rainbow applied to contour lines themselves. A typical hypsometric map progresses from dark green to lower elevations to yellows and then to white at the highest elevations. Hypsometric maps of land is often accompanied by a similar method of bathymetric tinting to convey the depth of oceans to complete a global hypsometric map. The hypsometric map shown above is not in English, but I can understand it because it has all the features of a hypsometric map where I can understand that the middle of the map is the lowest elevation shown whereas the southwest section of the map is the highest elevation due to the key depicting the graduated color scheme.

Public Land Survey System Map

(mid-bottom of page)

http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~alfrankl/landrecords.htm

A Public Land Survey System map is a map that shows the subdivision and description of land in the United States after the Revolutionary War in the western part of present day United States of America. All lands in the public domain are altered to fit within this rectangular system of surveys. The Public Land Survey System is a rectangular survey system that divides the land into 6-mile square townships which are further subdivided into 1-mile square sections. This system graphs land so that you can find land easily when each section has their own unique identification. The Public Land Survey System map used above shows the rectangular system in action representing Franklin County in Alabama.